The remarks made above in connection with the relation between sleep and hypnosis are in much need of study and completion. One who is profoundly hypnotized will retain, as we have already indicated, a controlling personality with tendencies and instincts directed toward the outer world. This controlling personality, in the case of the more developed ego, has been somewhat forced into the background. As we have put it, it has been relegated to a nook or corner of the soul. The psychoanalytic terminology permits us to formulate this situation precisely. Every psychic event, every psychic tendency is accompanied with a certain expenditure of psychic energy. The goals, the objects of the desire, have a certain cathexis.(*) Now we know, from the analytical point of view, that a goal, a person, an object, having a specific cathexis, need not always, to retain this charge without having the object, the goal, disappear from the psychic experience. General considerations that have been expounded by one of the present authors in another work make it appear probable to us that psychic experiences never completely disappear from consciousness. The only thing that happens is that occupations are withdrawn from the objects. It is absolutely necessary for us to attain clarity as to what we mean by the expression "controlling personality " in the psychoanalytic sense. Obviously, it is not a sum of all the psychic contents, the psychic totality, but that which the personality sets as its goal; in other words, the ego ideal of the individual. The ego ideal, from the psychoanalytic point of view, he image which the individual carries with him of his own person, the image according to which he would like to mold his person. The love which the individual bestows upon his own body (narcism) transferred to the psychic image of one's own person, or, putting it differently, the ego ideal is occupied narcistically. It arises from the identification with persons whom one regards with affection.

The most essential portion of the ego ideal consists of identifications with one's parents, the development of the ego ideal, which presents a complicated structure, continues throughout life in the form of identifications with teachers, heroes, leaders. Identifying oneself means assuming the role of another person without becoming conscious of this assumption; we identify ourselves most frequently with persons we love and honor.

(*)Charge or investment. Besetzung is the German term.—Trans.

Once the identification has taken place, the personality thus absorbed, and, as it were, thus incorporated, leads an extensive life within the ego, in the form of the ego ideal or a section of it. When we, therefore, speak of the ego ideal, we mean a relatively limited section of the ego; on the one hand it has bound up with it narcistic energies, on the other hand it sends out endowments to desired objects. We must distinguish ideal egos of varying degrees of differentiation. When we say that the total personality is retained during hypnosis, we mean that a highly differentiated ego ideal has retained the cathexis residuum, and that simultaneously the goals of the ego ideal also, the objects of the ego ideal have retained certain endowments (with regard to upbuilding of the ideal ego (cf. the Entwurf zu einer Psychiatrie auf psychoanalytischer Basis, by one of the present authors).

The ego ideal therefore retains a section of its cathexis even during sleep and hypnosis. But controls emanate from this partially occupied ego ideal, and herein is to be found the source of the dream censorship which permit the strivings of the dreamer to appear only in the distorted form of the manifest dream content. We must assume that the ego ideals or the total personality maintain rather close relations with the sleep vigils. The latter are controlled from the still retained personality. In fact, we must state in general that we cannot do full justice to the psychological attitudes during sleep unless we take into consideration the factor now under discussion.

We must add to our division within the ego of the sleeper between the sleep ego, the sleep vigil, the dream ego, which latter may be divided into the conscious and the preconscious dream ego, the further statement that all the attitudes expressed in this formulation are in some way controlled and supervised by the total personality. The stronger this controlling ego, the sharper will be the consciousness in sleep and dream that " I am only sleeping." We must assume that it is this ego ideal which determines whether the dream is to be cut short. We must apply the same attitude also to hypnosis and to those hypnotized. Particular importance is attached, in this connection, that the psychic stratum which serves as an intermediary for maintaining relations with the hypnotizer is subject to a constant control and supervision on the part of the more developed personality. The section of the hypnotized personality and the section which has more or less detached attitude toward the hypnosis may vary considerably. We must accordingly, in each specific case of hypnosis, ask as to the " psychic depth " of the hypnosis. This expression means a quality of the experience in hypnosis which has no direct relation with the degree of the hypnosis. Nor must this quality be confused with the question of whether we are dealing with somnambulant sleep or waking suggestion. In fact, we must go further and say: The central section of the personality may react in very different manner toward the hypnotized personality. This central section may be more or less in agreement, or it may have a more or less detached attitude, i.e., that of an observer, toward the phenomena of hypnosis. The more developed personality may even go so far as to regard hypnosis as mere play, in which connection the consciousness of its trifling nature may be now more, now less, outspoken. Finally, the hypnotic phenomena may take place with a "perfect consciousness of conscious deception, in which case we are dealing with the work of simulation. There is a great number of intermediary experiences and nuances. Even the most outright simulation of hypnotic phenomena may, if it result from a vivid power of imagination, be worthy of serious consideration as an expression of biological effects on the body. Even the actor, whose activity is at bottom psychologically very close to that of the simulation, must—if he will play well—put himself in the place of the person to be portrayed, seek to live its life, given with a more or less considerable portion of the personality standing in detached observation. But even the actor who feels his role most deeply retains a controlling section of the personality, for he continues tospeak only the words of his part. The actor who lives his part may even shed real tears, may present alterations of the pulse, of the respiration, as well as an altered distribution of the blood in his organism. Even acting is therefore never merely acting; all acting ismore or less serious. To be sure, the physiological effect of the acting differs with the psychic profundity of the acting. Simulation and acting in hypnosis are expressions of a comparatively shallow hypnosis. The greatest profundity has been attained when the individual has recognized itself as completely bound up with the hypnotic relation. For the nuclear phenomenon of the hypnotic relation remains the psychic relation between the hypnotizer and the hypnotizedperson. Once we have reached this stage, hypnosis has been resolvedinto subjection. Our notion of the psychic depth of the hypnosis depends essentially and primarily, therefore, on the hypnotic relation. Of course, we must emphasize emphatically that all the other egos of " hypnosis " are also controlled and supervised by the central ego. The essence of the suggestive relation will be treated in detail later on. But we have already advanced to the point where we may offer a systematic outline of the psychological state of the hypnotized person.

1. A suggestive relation exists between the hypnotizer and the hypnotized person. This relation is controlled by a more central section of the total personality. The psychic depth of the hypnosis depends upon which section of the personality belongs to the psychic relation and which section to the central personality. The various stages of this condition run all the way from simulation and acting to moderate and pronounced suggestibility and finally to complete subjection.

2. Sleep is produced by the suggestive relation. The suggestive relation is maintained with the sleep vigil. The share of the sleep ego and the waking ego vary with the relation between sleep vigils and sleep ego. If the latter is strongly predominant, we are dealing with the phenomenon of sleep without suggestibility. Intermediate stages extend from this point, passing through stages in which the individual is more or less awake to conditions in which the sleep ego has been reduced approximately to zero, and the individual is in a state of waking suggestion.

3. The sleep ego may be shot through with dreams, and these may reach down to greater or less degree into the suggestive relation. At one end of the scale we have the cases in which the hypnotized individual's own dreams completely replace the hypnotic relation, while images of a dreamy abstraction are present. At the other end are the cases of the suggestive relation which are almost free from any dream element.

4. Not only the individual's own dream material, but also his preconscious material, may be mingled more or less with the suggestive relation. There is the closest connection between points three and four. They cannot be sharply distinguished either from a practical or a theoretical standpoint. The series begins with hypnosis corresponding to more or less dreamy hysterical states, and ends with cases in which there is complete suggestibility and no appearance of the individual's will at all. In other words, the type of the trained medium.

5. Finally, we must also consider the degree of hypnotizability